Understanding Measles: A Highly Contagious Viral Illness

 


Measles, also known as rubeola, is an acute viral respiratory illness caused by the measles virus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. Though vaccine-preventable, it remains a significant health threat in regions with low immunization rates.







Measles is one of the most contagious diseases in the world. The virus is transmitted via:

  • Respiratory droplets (from coughing or sneezing)

  • Direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions

  • Airborne particles that can remain active for up to two hours

An infected individual can spread the virus from four days before to four days after the appearance of the rash.







Recognizing the Symptoms

Symptoms typically appear 10–14 days after exposure. Early signs include:

  • High fever (may peak above 40°C or 104°F)

  • Cough, coryza (runny nose), and conjunctivitis (red, watery eyes)

  • Koplik spots – small white lesions inside the mouth, a key diagnostic feature

  • Maculopapular rash, spreading from face to trunk and limbs

The rash usually appears 3–5 days after symptom onset and can last up to a week.

Is There a Cure?

There is no antiviral treatment specifically for measles. Management focuses on supportive care, which may include:

  • Hydration

  • Antipyretics (e.g., paracetamol) for fever

  • Vitamin A supplementation – shown to reduce severity, especially in children

  • Monitoring for complications, such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and ear






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Prevention: Vaccination Is Key

The MMR vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) is the most effective prevention method:

  • Typically administered in two doses (first at 12–15 months, second at 4–6 years)

  • Provides over 97% protection after two doses

In unvaccinated populations, outbreaks can occur rapidly due to the virus’s high reproductive number (R0 of 12–18).

Summary: What You Need to Know

  • Highly contagious viral illness

  • No specific cure, but symptoms can be managed

  • Vaccination is safe, effective, and essential

  • Early diagnosis and isolation help prevent the spread













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